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Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in Dementia : A Pragmatic Approach.

By: Material type: TextPublisher: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2015Copyright date: ©2015Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (160 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9783319166971
Subject(s): Genre/Form: DDC classification:
  • 616.83
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Prologue -- 1.2 Title/Abstract/Keywords -- 1.3 Introduction -- 1.3.1 Research Question -- 1.3.1.1 Phase I/II -- 1.3.1.2 Phase III: Pragmatic Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies -- 1.3.1.3 Phase IV -- 1.4 Some Brief Notes on Bias -- 1.4.1 Patient-Based Biases -- 1.4.1.1 Selection Bias -- 1.4.1.2 Spectrum Bias -- 1.4.2 Test Performance Biases -- 1.4.2.1 Clinical Review Bias -- 1.4.2.2 Verification (Work-Up) Bias -- 1.4.2.3 Incorporation Bias -- 1.4.2.4 Review Bias -- 1.5 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 2: Methods (1): Participants and Test Methods -- 2.1 Participants -- 2.1.1 Study Population -- 2.1.1.1 Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria -- 2.1.1.2 Study Setting: Disease Prevalence -- 2.1.2 Recruitment: Study Design (Cross-Sectional vs Longitudinal) -- 2.1.3 Sampling -- 2.1.3.1 Sample Size Calculation -- 2.1.4 Data Collection (Retrospective vs Prospective) -- Missing Data -- 2.2 Test Methods -- 2.2.1 Target Condition(s) and Reference Standard(s) -- 2.2.2 Technical Specifications and Test Administration -- 2.2.2.1 Validity and Reliability -- 2.2.2.2 Administration -- Operationalization -- Ceiling and Floor Effects -- 2.2.3 Calibration: The Definition of Cutoffs -- 2.2.4 Blinding -- 2.3 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Methods (2): Statistical Methods -- 3.1 Significance Tests: Null Hypothesis Testing -- 3.2 The 2 × 2 Table -- Table of Confusion -- Confusion Matrix -- 3.3 Measures of Discrimination -- 3.3.1 Accuracy -- Error Rate -- Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) -- 3.3.2 Sensitivity and Specificity -- Youden Index -- 3.3.3 Predictive Values -- Predictive Summary Index -- 3.3.4 Likelihood Ratios -- Bayes' Theorem -- 3.3.5 Diagnostic Odds Ratio or Cross-Product Ratio -- 3.3.6 Clinical Utility Indexes.
3.3.7 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve -- 3.3.8 Miscellaneous Other Measures -- 3.3.9 Confidence Intervals -- 3.3.10 Effect Size: Cohen's d -- 3.4 Comparative Measures -- 3.4.1 Correlation -- 3.4.2 Test of Agreement: Kappa Statistic -- 3.4.3 Combination: Series ("And" Rule) or Parallel ("Or" Rule) -- 3.4.4 Weighted Comparison and Equivalent Increase -- 3.4.5 Effect Size: Cohen's d -- 3.5 Reproducibility -- 3.6 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4: Results -- 4.1 Participants -- 4.1.1 Study Duration and Setting -- 4.1.2 Demographics -- 4.1.2.1 Age -- 4.1.2.2 Gender -- 4.1.2.3 Disease Prevalence -- 4.1.3 Participant Loss -- 4.2 Test Results -- 4.2.1 Interval Between Diagnostic Test and Reference Standard -- 4.2.2 Distribution of Disease Severity -- 4.2.3 Cross Tabulation and Dropouts -- 4.2.4 Adverse Effects of Testing -- 4.3 Estimates of Diagnostic Accuracy -- 4.3.1 Significance Tests: Null Hypothesis Testing -- 4.3.2 Measures of Discrimination -- 4.3.2.1 Accuracy -- Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) -- 4.3.2.2 Sensitivity and Specificity -- Youden Index -- 4.3.2.3 Predictive Values -- 4.3.2.4 Likelihood Ratios -- 4.3.2.5 Diagnostic Odds Ratio or Cross-Product Ratio -- 4.3.2.6 Clinical Utility Indexes -- 4.3.2.7 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve -- Q* Index -- 4.3.2.8 Effect Size: Cohen's d -- 4.3.3 Comparative Measures -- 4.3.3.1 Correlation -- 4.3.3.2 Test of Agreement: Kappa Statistic -- 4.3.3.3 Combination: Series ("And" Rule) or Parallel ("Or" Rule) -- 4.3.3.4 Weighted Comparison and Equivalent Increase -- 4.3.3.5 Effect Size: Cohen's d -- 4.3.4 Indeterminate Results -- 4.3.5 Variability Between Subgroups -- 4.3.6 Reproducibility -- 4.4 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 5: Discussion -- 5.1 Summary of Key Results -- 5.2 Clinical Applicability -- 5.3 Shortcomings/Limitations.
5.3.1 Participants -- 5.3.2 Test Results -- 5.3.3 Estimates of Diagnostic Accuracy -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 5.5 References/Bibliography -- 5.6 Epilogue: The Publication Process -- 5.7 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 6: Future Prospects for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in Dementia -- 6.1 Problems -- 6.1.1 Bias -- 6.1.2 Index Test and Reference Standard -- 6.1.3 Blinding -- 6.1.4 Reproducibility -- 6.1.5 Wrong Paradigm -- 6.2 Opportunities -- 6.2.1 Questions Which Might Be Addressed -- 6.2.1.1 Clinical Signs Associated with Dementia -- 6.2.1.2 Preclinical Disease -- 6.2.1.3 Combinations of Tests -- 6.2.1.4 Extending the Scope of Test Use: "Phase IIIb" -- 6.2.1.5 Prognostic Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies: Phase IV/"IVb" -- 6.2.1.6 Policy Decisions -- 6.2.2 Settings -- 6.2.3 Analysis -- 6.3 Pragmatic Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies: A Proposal -- 6.4 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Index.
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Intro -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Prologue -- 1.2 Title/Abstract/Keywords -- 1.3 Introduction -- 1.3.1 Research Question -- 1.3.1.1 Phase I/II -- 1.3.1.2 Phase III: Pragmatic Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies -- 1.3.1.3 Phase IV -- 1.4 Some Brief Notes on Bias -- 1.4.1 Patient-Based Biases -- 1.4.1.1 Selection Bias -- 1.4.1.2 Spectrum Bias -- 1.4.2 Test Performance Biases -- 1.4.2.1 Clinical Review Bias -- 1.4.2.2 Verification (Work-Up) Bias -- 1.4.2.3 Incorporation Bias -- 1.4.2.4 Review Bias -- 1.5 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 2: Methods (1): Participants and Test Methods -- 2.1 Participants -- 2.1.1 Study Population -- 2.1.1.1 Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria -- 2.1.1.2 Study Setting: Disease Prevalence -- 2.1.2 Recruitment: Study Design (Cross-Sectional vs Longitudinal) -- 2.1.3 Sampling -- 2.1.3.1 Sample Size Calculation -- 2.1.4 Data Collection (Retrospective vs Prospective) -- Missing Data -- 2.2 Test Methods -- 2.2.1 Target Condition(s) and Reference Standard(s) -- 2.2.2 Technical Specifications and Test Administration -- 2.2.2.1 Validity and Reliability -- 2.2.2.2 Administration -- Operationalization -- Ceiling and Floor Effects -- 2.2.3 Calibration: The Definition of Cutoffs -- 2.2.4 Blinding -- 2.3 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Methods (2): Statistical Methods -- 3.1 Significance Tests: Null Hypothesis Testing -- 3.2 The 2 × 2 Table -- Table of Confusion -- Confusion Matrix -- 3.3 Measures of Discrimination -- 3.3.1 Accuracy -- Error Rate -- Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) -- 3.3.2 Sensitivity and Specificity -- Youden Index -- 3.3.3 Predictive Values -- Predictive Summary Index -- 3.3.4 Likelihood Ratios -- Bayes' Theorem -- 3.3.5 Diagnostic Odds Ratio or Cross-Product Ratio -- 3.3.6 Clinical Utility Indexes.

3.3.7 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve -- 3.3.8 Miscellaneous Other Measures -- 3.3.9 Confidence Intervals -- 3.3.10 Effect Size: Cohen's d -- 3.4 Comparative Measures -- 3.4.1 Correlation -- 3.4.2 Test of Agreement: Kappa Statistic -- 3.4.3 Combination: Series ("And" Rule) or Parallel ("Or" Rule) -- 3.4.4 Weighted Comparison and Equivalent Increase -- 3.4.5 Effect Size: Cohen's d -- 3.5 Reproducibility -- 3.6 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4: Results -- 4.1 Participants -- 4.1.1 Study Duration and Setting -- 4.1.2 Demographics -- 4.1.2.1 Age -- 4.1.2.2 Gender -- 4.1.2.3 Disease Prevalence -- 4.1.3 Participant Loss -- 4.2 Test Results -- 4.2.1 Interval Between Diagnostic Test and Reference Standard -- 4.2.2 Distribution of Disease Severity -- 4.2.3 Cross Tabulation and Dropouts -- 4.2.4 Adverse Effects of Testing -- 4.3 Estimates of Diagnostic Accuracy -- 4.3.1 Significance Tests: Null Hypothesis Testing -- 4.3.2 Measures of Discrimination -- 4.3.2.1 Accuracy -- Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) -- 4.3.2.2 Sensitivity and Specificity -- Youden Index -- 4.3.2.3 Predictive Values -- 4.3.2.4 Likelihood Ratios -- 4.3.2.5 Diagnostic Odds Ratio or Cross-Product Ratio -- 4.3.2.6 Clinical Utility Indexes -- 4.3.2.7 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve -- Q* Index -- 4.3.2.8 Effect Size: Cohen's d -- 4.3.3 Comparative Measures -- 4.3.3.1 Correlation -- 4.3.3.2 Test of Agreement: Kappa Statistic -- 4.3.3.3 Combination: Series ("And" Rule) or Parallel ("Or" Rule) -- 4.3.3.4 Weighted Comparison and Equivalent Increase -- 4.3.3.5 Effect Size: Cohen's d -- 4.3.4 Indeterminate Results -- 4.3.5 Variability Between Subgroups -- 4.3.6 Reproducibility -- 4.4 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 5: Discussion -- 5.1 Summary of Key Results -- 5.2 Clinical Applicability -- 5.3 Shortcomings/Limitations.

5.3.1 Participants -- 5.3.2 Test Results -- 5.3.3 Estimates of Diagnostic Accuracy -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 5.5 References/Bibliography -- 5.6 Epilogue: The Publication Process -- 5.7 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 6: Future Prospects for Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies in Dementia -- 6.1 Problems -- 6.1.1 Bias -- 6.1.2 Index Test and Reference Standard -- 6.1.3 Blinding -- 6.1.4 Reproducibility -- 6.1.5 Wrong Paradigm -- 6.2 Opportunities -- 6.2.1 Questions Which Might Be Addressed -- 6.2.1.1 Clinical Signs Associated with Dementia -- 6.2.1.2 Preclinical Disease -- 6.2.1.3 Combinations of Tests -- 6.2.1.4 Extending the Scope of Test Use: "Phase IIIb" -- 6.2.1.5 Prognostic Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies: Phase IV/"IVb" -- 6.2.1.6 Policy Decisions -- 6.2.2 Settings -- 6.2.3 Analysis -- 6.3 Pragmatic Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies: A Proposal -- 6.4 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Index.

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