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Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextPublisher: Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2008Copyright date: ©2008Edition: 1st edDescription: 1 online resource (402 pages)Content type:
  • text
Media type:
  • computer
Carrier type:
  • online resource
ISBN:
  • 9780470773086
Subject(s): Genre/Form: DDC classification:
  • 615.778
Online resources:
Contents:
Intro -- Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of contributors -- PART I Introduction -- 1 Cutaneous anatomy and function -- 1.1 Introduction and scope -- 1.2 Surface features -- 1.3 Functional histology of the epidermis and associated structures -- 1.4 Species differences -- Summary -- References -- 2 Biochemistry of the skin -- 2.1 Introduction and scope -- 2.2 Protein synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation -- 2.3 Lipid synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation -- 2.4 Lipid classes in the stratum corneum -- 2.5 Stratum corneum turnover -- 2.6 Biotransformations in skin -- Summary -- References -- 3 Skin photobiology -- 3.1 Introduction and scope -- 3.2 Photoprotection and melanogenesis -- 3.3 Increased environmental ultraviolet radiation exposure and its link with photoageing and skin cancer -- 3.4 Mitochondrial DNA as a biomarker of sun exposure in human skin -- 3.5 Apoptosis -- 3.6 Sun protection -- Summary -- References -- PART II Skin Absorption -- 4 Skin as a route of entry -- 4.1 Salient anatomical features of the stratum corneum - the 'brick and mortar model' -- 4.2 Species and regional variation in skin structure -- 4.3 Species and regional variation in skin permeability -- 4.4 Intra- and inter-individual variation in percutaneous absorption -- 4.5 Effect of age on skin barrier function -- 4.6 Role of skin appendages -- 4.7 The in vitro skin sandwich model -- 4.8 Penetration of particles through appendages -- Summary -- References -- 5 Physicochemical Factors Affecting Skin Absorption -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Physicochemical properties -- 5.3 Exposure considerations -- Summary -- References -- 6 Principles of Diffusion and Thermodynamics -- 6.1 Introduction and scope -- 6.2 Some definitions pertaining to skin absorption kinetics.
6.3 Basic concepts of diffusion -- 6.4 Fick's Laws of diffusion -- 6.5 Thermodynamic activity -- 6.6 Skin absorption of a substance from two different vehicles -- 6.7 Partitioning -- 6.8 Diffusivity -- 6.9 Skin absorption data and risk assessments -- Summary -- References -- 7 In vivo measurements of skin absorption -- 7.1 Introduction and scope -- 7.2 Why conduct in vivo studies? -- 7.3 Ethics and legislation -- 7.4 Standard methodology: OECD Guideline 427 -- 7.5 Alternative in vivo methods -- Summary -- References -- 8 In vitro percutaneous absorption measurements -- 8.1 Introduction and scope -- 8.2 Regulatory guidelines -- 8.3 Why assess percutaneous absorption in vitro? -- 8.4 Basic principle of in vitro percutaneous absorption measurements -- 8.5 Choice of diffusion cell -- 8.6 Skin membrane considerations -- 8.7 Integrity measurements -- 8.8 Choice of receptor fluid and sampling considerations -- 8.9 Test material considerations -- 8.10 Application of test preparation to the skin -- 8.11 Examples of results from in vitro skin absorption studies -- 8.12 What is considered to be absorbed? -- 8.13 Micro-autoradiography -- Summary -- References -- PART III Toxicological Assessment -- 9 Skin immunology and sensitisation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definitions -- 9.3 Skin sensitisation -- 9.4 Identification of skin sensitisers -- 9.5 Risk assessment -- 9.6 Other types of allergic skin reaction -- 9.7 Future prospects -- Summary -- References -- 10 In vitro phototoxicity assays -- 10.1 Introduction and scope -- 10.2 In vitro strategies for phototoxicity testing -- 10.3 The UV/visible absorption spectrum as a pre-screen for phototoxicity -- 10.4 In vitro assays for phototoxicity using monolayer cultures -- 10.5 In vitro assays for photoallergenicity -- 10.6 In vitro assays for phototoxicity using human 3-D skin models -- Summary -- References.
11 In vitro alternatives for irritation and corrosion assessment -- 11.1 Introduction and scope -- 11.2 Acute dermal irritation/corrosion -- 11.3 Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin corrosion -- 11.4 In vitro tests for skin corrosion -- 11.5 Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin irritation -- 11.6 In vitro tests for skin irritation -- Summary -- References -- 12 Instruments for measuring skin toxicity -- 12.1 Introduction and scope -- 12.2 Skin surface pH -- 12.3 Biomechanical properties -- 12.4 Sebum -- 12.5 Skin surface contours -- 12.6 Thickness -- 12.7 Desquamation -- 12.8 Applications and measurement of transepidermal water loss -- 12.9 Guidance for TEWL measurements -- 12.10 Hydration measurement -- 12.11 Guidance for hydration measurements -- 12.12 Relationship between hydration and dermal toxicity -- 12.13 Colour measurement -- 12.14 Measurement of vascular perfusion -- 12.15 A final word of caution -- Summary -- References -- PART IV Clinical Aspects -- 13 Introduction to dermatology -- 13.1 Introduction and scope -- 13.2 Clinical assessment of patient with skin disease -- 13.3 Cutaneous manifestations of disease following exposure to chemicals and pharmaceutical formulations -- 13.4 Overview of standard treatments -- Summary -- 14 Clinical aspects of phototoxicity -- 14.1 Introduction and scope -- 14.2 UV-induced skin reactions -- 14.3 Phototoxicity (photoirritancy) reactions -- 14.4 Photosensitive reactions -- Summary -- References -- 15 Occupational skin diseases -- 15.1 Introduction and scope -- 15.2 Dermatitis -- 15.3 Development of occupational dermatitis -- 15.4 Patterns of occupational dermatitis -- 15.5 Incidence of occupational dermatitis -- 15.6 Effects of dermatitis on work -- 15.7 The outlook in occupational dermatitis -- 15.8 Identification of occupational dermatitis.
15.9 Other occupational skin disorders -- 15.10 Investigation of a case of dermatitis at work -- Summary -- References -- 16 Prevention of occupational skin disease -- 16.1 Prevention of occupational skin disease -- 16.2 Defining the problem -- 16.3 Material safety data sheets -- 16.4 Chain of responsibility -- 16.5 Managing dermal exposure -- 16.6 Selection and use of personal protective equipment -- 16.7 Protective or 'barrier' creams: do they have a role? -- 16.8 The role of education and training -- 16.9 Conclusions -- Summary -- References -- PART V Regulatory -- 17 Occupational skin exposures: legal aspects -- 17.1 Introduction and scope -- 17.2 Brief overview of current United Kingdom legislation -- 17.3 The employer's perspective -- 17.4 Hazard identification -- 17.5 Risk assessment -- 17.6 Gloves: a note of caution -- Summary -- References -- 18 Safety assessment of cosmetics: an EU perspective -- 18.1 Introduction and scope -- 18.2 Overview and scope of Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EC -- 18.3 Overview of the requirements of the EU Cosmetics Directive -- 18.4 Scientific advice -- 18.5 Influence of other legislation -- 18.6 Adverse effects from cosmetics -- 18.7 Toxicity of cosmetic ingredients -- 18.8 The safety assessment -- 18.9 A final consideration -- Summary -- References -- Appendix 18.1 Additional obligations for cosmetic suppliers -- 19 Regulatory dermatotoxicology and international guidelines -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Regulatory context -- 19.3 Product groups and the human context -- 19.4 Dermal toxicology with the different product groups -- 19.5 Factors in dermal toxicity -- 19.6 Repeat dose dermal toxicology -- 19.7 Classic short-term dermal toxicity studies -- 19.8 Pragmatic considerations -- Summary -- References -- 20 Glossary of main terms and abbreviations -- Index -- Colour Plates.
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Intro -- Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of contributors -- PART I Introduction -- 1 Cutaneous anatomy and function -- 1.1 Introduction and scope -- 1.2 Surface features -- 1.3 Functional histology of the epidermis and associated structures -- 1.4 Species differences -- Summary -- References -- 2 Biochemistry of the skin -- 2.1 Introduction and scope -- 2.2 Protein synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation -- 2.3 Lipid synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation -- 2.4 Lipid classes in the stratum corneum -- 2.5 Stratum corneum turnover -- 2.6 Biotransformations in skin -- Summary -- References -- 3 Skin photobiology -- 3.1 Introduction and scope -- 3.2 Photoprotection and melanogenesis -- 3.3 Increased environmental ultraviolet radiation exposure and its link with photoageing and skin cancer -- 3.4 Mitochondrial DNA as a biomarker of sun exposure in human skin -- 3.5 Apoptosis -- 3.6 Sun protection -- Summary -- References -- PART II Skin Absorption -- 4 Skin as a route of entry -- 4.1 Salient anatomical features of the stratum corneum - the 'brick and mortar model' -- 4.2 Species and regional variation in skin structure -- 4.3 Species and regional variation in skin permeability -- 4.4 Intra- and inter-individual variation in percutaneous absorption -- 4.5 Effect of age on skin barrier function -- 4.6 Role of skin appendages -- 4.7 The in vitro skin sandwich model -- 4.8 Penetration of particles through appendages -- Summary -- References -- 5 Physicochemical Factors Affecting Skin Absorption -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Physicochemical properties -- 5.3 Exposure considerations -- Summary -- References -- 6 Principles of Diffusion and Thermodynamics -- 6.1 Introduction and scope -- 6.2 Some definitions pertaining to skin absorption kinetics.

6.3 Basic concepts of diffusion -- 6.4 Fick's Laws of diffusion -- 6.5 Thermodynamic activity -- 6.6 Skin absorption of a substance from two different vehicles -- 6.7 Partitioning -- 6.8 Diffusivity -- 6.9 Skin absorption data and risk assessments -- Summary -- References -- 7 In vivo measurements of skin absorption -- 7.1 Introduction and scope -- 7.2 Why conduct in vivo studies? -- 7.3 Ethics and legislation -- 7.4 Standard methodology: OECD Guideline 427 -- 7.5 Alternative in vivo methods -- Summary -- References -- 8 In vitro percutaneous absorption measurements -- 8.1 Introduction and scope -- 8.2 Regulatory guidelines -- 8.3 Why assess percutaneous absorption in vitro? -- 8.4 Basic principle of in vitro percutaneous absorption measurements -- 8.5 Choice of diffusion cell -- 8.6 Skin membrane considerations -- 8.7 Integrity measurements -- 8.8 Choice of receptor fluid and sampling considerations -- 8.9 Test material considerations -- 8.10 Application of test preparation to the skin -- 8.11 Examples of results from in vitro skin absorption studies -- 8.12 What is considered to be absorbed? -- 8.13 Micro-autoradiography -- Summary -- References -- PART III Toxicological Assessment -- 9 Skin immunology and sensitisation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definitions -- 9.3 Skin sensitisation -- 9.4 Identification of skin sensitisers -- 9.5 Risk assessment -- 9.6 Other types of allergic skin reaction -- 9.7 Future prospects -- Summary -- References -- 10 In vitro phototoxicity assays -- 10.1 Introduction and scope -- 10.2 In vitro strategies for phototoxicity testing -- 10.3 The UV/visible absorption spectrum as a pre-screen for phototoxicity -- 10.4 In vitro assays for phototoxicity using monolayer cultures -- 10.5 In vitro assays for photoallergenicity -- 10.6 In vitro assays for phototoxicity using human 3-D skin models -- Summary -- References.

11 In vitro alternatives for irritation and corrosion assessment -- 11.1 Introduction and scope -- 11.2 Acute dermal irritation/corrosion -- 11.3 Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin corrosion -- 11.4 In vitro tests for skin corrosion -- 11.5 Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin irritation -- 11.6 In vitro tests for skin irritation -- Summary -- References -- 12 Instruments for measuring skin toxicity -- 12.1 Introduction and scope -- 12.2 Skin surface pH -- 12.3 Biomechanical properties -- 12.4 Sebum -- 12.5 Skin surface contours -- 12.6 Thickness -- 12.7 Desquamation -- 12.8 Applications and measurement of transepidermal water loss -- 12.9 Guidance for TEWL measurements -- 12.10 Hydration measurement -- 12.11 Guidance for hydration measurements -- 12.12 Relationship between hydration and dermal toxicity -- 12.13 Colour measurement -- 12.14 Measurement of vascular perfusion -- 12.15 A final word of caution -- Summary -- References -- PART IV Clinical Aspects -- 13 Introduction to dermatology -- 13.1 Introduction and scope -- 13.2 Clinical assessment of patient with skin disease -- 13.3 Cutaneous manifestations of disease following exposure to chemicals and pharmaceutical formulations -- 13.4 Overview of standard treatments -- Summary -- 14 Clinical aspects of phototoxicity -- 14.1 Introduction and scope -- 14.2 UV-induced skin reactions -- 14.3 Phototoxicity (photoirritancy) reactions -- 14.4 Photosensitive reactions -- Summary -- References -- 15 Occupational skin diseases -- 15.1 Introduction and scope -- 15.2 Dermatitis -- 15.3 Development of occupational dermatitis -- 15.4 Patterns of occupational dermatitis -- 15.5 Incidence of occupational dermatitis -- 15.6 Effects of dermatitis on work -- 15.7 The outlook in occupational dermatitis -- 15.8 Identification of occupational dermatitis.

15.9 Other occupational skin disorders -- 15.10 Investigation of a case of dermatitis at work -- Summary -- References -- 16 Prevention of occupational skin disease -- 16.1 Prevention of occupational skin disease -- 16.2 Defining the problem -- 16.3 Material safety data sheets -- 16.4 Chain of responsibility -- 16.5 Managing dermal exposure -- 16.6 Selection and use of personal protective equipment -- 16.7 Protective or 'barrier' creams: do they have a role? -- 16.8 The role of education and training -- 16.9 Conclusions -- Summary -- References -- PART V Regulatory -- 17 Occupational skin exposures: legal aspects -- 17.1 Introduction and scope -- 17.2 Brief overview of current United Kingdom legislation -- 17.3 The employer's perspective -- 17.4 Hazard identification -- 17.5 Risk assessment -- 17.6 Gloves: a note of caution -- Summary -- References -- 18 Safety assessment of cosmetics: an EU perspective -- 18.1 Introduction and scope -- 18.2 Overview and scope of Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EC -- 18.3 Overview of the requirements of the EU Cosmetics Directive -- 18.4 Scientific advice -- 18.5 Influence of other legislation -- 18.6 Adverse effects from cosmetics -- 18.7 Toxicity of cosmetic ingredients -- 18.8 The safety assessment -- 18.9 A final consideration -- Summary -- References -- Appendix 18.1 Additional obligations for cosmetic suppliers -- 19 Regulatory dermatotoxicology and international guidelines -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Regulatory context -- 19.3 Product groups and the human context -- 19.4 Dermal toxicology with the different product groups -- 19.5 Factors in dermal toxicity -- 19.6 Repeat dose dermal toxicology -- 19.7 Classic short-term dermal toxicity studies -- 19.8 Pragmatic considerations -- Summary -- References -- 20 Glossary of main terms and abbreviations -- Index -- Colour Plates.

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