Book Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- ADDITIONAL PAPERS -- PREFACE -- CONFERENCE STEERING COMMITTEE -- FOREWORD -- PART ONE DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING -- 1 STADIUM PLANNING IN TODAY'S TOWNSCAPES -- INTRODUCTION -- PLANNING ISSUES -- Recent policy and guidelines -- The local community: planning process issues -- Siting and the need for a development plan -- Where next? -- HARNESSING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE YEAR 2000 -- Siting the stadium-where should we be building these new facilities? -- Land reclamation -- SAFETY ISSUES -- All seater stadia? -- Designing for evacuation -- EXAMPLES OF GREAT STADIA FOR TODAY AND THE FUTURE -- Wonderworld -- The Millennium Experience -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 2 MAKING A NEW STADIUM SPECIAL -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BRITISH STADIA -- THE STADIUM WITHIN THE CITY -- LESSONS FROM RECENT AMERICAN STADIUM DESIGNS -- EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF A STADIUM -- INTERNAL APPEARANCE OF A STADIUM -- CONCLUSION -- 3 THE NEED FOR A NEW APPROACH TO INITIAL COST ESTIMATING FOR STADIA AND GRANDSTAND FACILITIES -- INTRODUCTION -- THE NEW APPROACH -- Introduction -- Key variables -- WORKED EXAMPLE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 OLD STADIA MEET CURRENT REQUIREMENTS BY RENOVATION, REHABILITATION AND REPAIR -- INTRODUCTION -- FACILITY TYPE -- NATURE OF DETERIORATION -- Concrete deterioration -- Freeze-thaw deterioration -- Consolidation -- Carbonation -- Chloride-induced corrosion -- Aggregate deterioration -- Design characteristics -- Understrength -- Poor drainage -- Details -- Expansion joints -- STADIA REHABILITATION CASE STUDIES -- Soldier Field-Chicago, Illinois -- Memorial Stadium-Lincoln, Nebraska -- Ross-Ade Stadium-West Lafayette, Indiana -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 5 ESTABLISHING BASIC FACILITIES IN PREVIOUSLY DISADVANTAGED AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA -- INTRODUCTION -- SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.

COMMUNITY LIAISON -- HOLISTIC MASTER PLANNING -- MASTER PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS -- FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS -- INTERACTIVE COMMUNITY ANALYSIS AND MARKET RESEARCH -- FUNDING AND PLANNING OF FACILITIES -- MULTI-SPORT VENUES -- INDOOR FACILITIES (See Fig. 1) -- Typical example: The Sports Trust, typical indoor centre (see Figs 2 and 3) -- The Saulsville Arena (see Fig. 4) -- OUTDOOR FACILITIES (See Fig. 5) -- Typical example: Klipspruit Soccer Centre -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Articles -- Symposia -- PART TWO RISK MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY -- 6 THE 'GREEN GUIDE' AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE -- INTRODUCTION -- THE EVOLUTION OF THE GREEN GUIDE -- Disaster and disorder -- Ibrox-the Wheatley Report -- Absence of guidance -- First edition of the Green Guide -- Safety in the round -- Football hooliganism -- Bradford-the Popplewell Report -- Hillsborough-the Taylor report -- AFTER HILLSBOROUGH -- Radical change -- Third Edition of the Green Guide -- Football Licensing Authority -- Need for a new edition -- THE FOURTH EDITION OF THE GUIDE -- Underlying principles -- Responsibility for safety -- Achieving reasonable safety -- Safe capacities -- The management of safety -- New guidance -- Seat row depths -- Structural dynamics -- Spectators with disabilities -- IMPACT OF THE GUIDE -- Football -- Other sports -- Overseas -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 7 STRATEGIC RISK MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC ASSEMBLY FACILITIES -- INTRODUCTION -- Different perceptions -- Operational conflicts -- A STRATEGIC AND SYSTEMS APPROACH -- The event area and perimeter -- The commercial perspective -- The spectator perspective -- The external disruption perspective -- The safety/security perspective -- Viewing accommodation and inside concourses -- The commercial perspective -- The spectator perspective -- The safety/security perspective -- The external disruption perspective.

The outside concourses and neighbourhood -- IMPLICATIONS FOR PAFS MANAGEMENT -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- 8 PREDICTION OF CROWD MOVEMENT USING COMPUTER SIMULATION -- INTRODUCTION -- CROWD MOVEMENT -- THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS -- APPLICATION -- SCENARIO TESTING -- FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 MINIMISING THE EFFECTS OF TERRORISM BY DESIGN -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND-THE THREAT -- THE MAIN PRODUCTS OF A DETONATED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE THAT CAUSE DAMAGE TO PEOPLE AND ASSETS -- The fire ball -- Brisance -- Primary fragments -- Ground shock -- The blast wave -- Secondary fragments -- METHODS OF ATTACK AND DAMAGING EFFECTS -- IEDs -- V&amp -- LVBIEDs -- MINIMISING THE EFFECTS OF AN EXPLOSIVE ATTACK -- Façade detailing -- Internal planning -- Glazing -- 10 THE ROI BAUDOUIN AND STANDARD STADIA, BELGIUM: A CONCEPTION OF SAFETY AND ECONOMY -- INTRODUCTION -- The Heysel tragedy and its consequences -- The organization of Euro 2000 -- Multi-purpose stadia: football, concerts, etc. -- THE ROI BAUDOUIN STADIUM IN BRUSSELS -- First stage of works (August 1994-August 1995) -- Second stage of works (January 1997-August 1998) -- The completed stadium -- THE STANDARD STADIUM IN LIEGE -- SECURITY -- Context -- Constraints -- Circulation -- Barriers and railings -- Compartments -- Inner fence -- The eigen frequency of the structure -- DESIGN/CONCEPTION -- Structures -- Cost -- Delays -- Standards -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PART THREE STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION -- 11 PRECAST CONCRETE IN STADIA -- INTRODUCTION -- BENEFITS OF USING PRECAST CONCRETE -- Off-site production -- Control of quality -- Speed of erection -- Immediate working platform -- Minimum of temporary propping -- Minimum of wet trades -- STADIA BUILT USING PRECAST CONCRETE -- STRUCTURAL ASPECTS -- MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION -- Floors.

Terrace units -- Bearing detail -- Vomitories, walls and staircases -- SUMMARY -- Acknowledgements -- 12 MODERN STADIA HISTORY AND THE USE OF CONCRETE -- INTRODUCTION -- THE STADIUM BUILDING TYPE -- Steel -- Air -- Tensegrity -- Moveable roofs -- USE OF CONCRETE -- CONCLUSION -- 13 STEEL STANDS: THE PREMIER CHOICE FOR SPORTS STADIA -- INTRODUCTION -- ROOF STRUCTURE -- Traditional cantilever arrangement -- Strength to weight ratio -- Curved arches -- UNDER TERRACE STRUCTURE -- SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION -- UNIQUE STRUCTURE -- THE FUTURE -- CONCLUSION -- 14 FULL-SCALE TESTING OF LARGE CANTILEVER GRANDSTANDS TO DETERMINE THEIR DYNAMIC RESPONSE -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EMPTY STANDS -- MONITORING THE STANDS DURING POP AND ROCK CONCERTS -- THE NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Acknowledgements -- 15 DEVELOPMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIALIST FOUNDATIONS FOR SPORTS STADIA -- INTRODUCTION -- STADIA FOUNDATION DESIGN -- The history of foundation requirements -- Recent experience -- Developments in continuous flight anger piling -- CASE STUDIES -- The Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield -- The Reebok Stadium, Bolton -- Hampden Park, Glasgow -- The Millennium Stadium, Cardiff -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PART FOUR SERVICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN -- 16 ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS AND MICROCLIMATE IMPACTS ON SPORTS FACILITIES -- INTRODUCTION -- MICROCLIMATE ISSUES IN DESIGN -- Wind loading on the main structural systems -- Wind loading on cladding -- Wind-induced vibrations -- Wind loads on roof drive and braking systems -- Snow loads -- Spectator/pedestrian comfort -- Natural turf -- Wind effects on the play of the game -- Rain infiltration -- Mechanical heating and air conditioning -- Noise and acoustics -- Air quality -- CASE STUDIES.

Case Study 1: Paul Brown Stadium, Hamilton County, Cincinnati, Ohio -- Case Study 2: Bank One Ballpark, Phoenix, Arizona -- Case Study 3: New Pacific Northwest Ballpark, Seattle, Washington -- Case Study 4: Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong -- Case Study 5: Miller Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 17 THE USE OF WINDBREAK FENCING TO CONTROL ATMOSPHERIC WIND CONDITIONS IN SPORTS STADIA -- INTRODUCTION -- POROUS WINDBREAK SYSTEMS -- WINDBREAK TYPES -- PARAWEB WINDBREAK FENCE -- DESIGN PRINCIPLES -- PARAWEB WINDBREAK FENCE CASE HISTORIES -- Watchorn Tennis Club -- Narbonne Athletics Stadium -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 18 SOUND, NOISE AND ACOUSTICS IN STADIUM DESIGN -- INTRODUCTION -- Millennium Stadium Cardiff Arms Park -- Hong Kong Stadium -- 19 THE 'SMARTSOUND' NOISE ADAPTIVE PUBLIC ADDRESS CONTROL SYSTEM -- INTRODUCTION -- The problem to be solved-complaints about noise -- THE PRINCIPLES OF 'SMARTSOUND' -- KEY FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF 'SMARTSOUND' -- The noise adaptive capability of 'Smartsound' -- Sample and hold -- Fail-safe -- Automatic loudspeaker activation -- Full-scale prototype trials -- THE BENEFITS OF 'SMARTSOUND' -- WIDER APPLICATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- 20 THE FUTURE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC INFRASTRUCTURE IN MULTI-PURPOSE STADIA AND ARENAS -- INTRODUCTION -- SOUND AND COMMUNICATIONS -- Sound systems -- Communications -- CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION -- Introduction to CCTV in stadia -- Crowd surveillance and CCTV -- Application areas for CCTV crowd surveillance in the stadia environment -- Characteristics of crowd surveillance pictures -- The case for colour -- Integration of CCTV -- INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEMS -- Display systems for stadia -- Image types -- Display types -- Image control -- Vidiwall Image Controller (VIC) -- Info display system -- LIGHTING -- Stadia lighting -- Internal lighting.

Stadia floodlighting.

The best of current worldwide experience in design, construction and operation of these structures, this book forms the proceedings of The International Concrete Society conference. A broad range of case studies are included.

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