Intro -- Title Page -- Table of Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Logic of Defining Gangs Revisited -- The Evolution of Definition and Measurement of Gangs -- Official Records and Gangs, Gang Membership, and Gang Violence -- Learning from Law Enforcement Definitions: The Case of Gang Homicide -- Summary and Conclusion -- Appendix: Methods of Definitions -- References -- 3 Little Gang Research, Big Gang Research -- Introduction -- A Scientometric Approach to the History of Gang Research -- Methodology -- The History of Gang Research -- Little Gang Research, Big Gang Research … and Beyond -- Conclusion -- Appendix A: Search Methods for Identification of Research -- Appendix B: Search Methods by Extensive and Abbreviated Criteria -- References -- 4 Documenting Gang Activity -- Intelligence Databases: What Is Included and How Common Are They? -- Legislation and Statutory Requirements -- Critiques of Gang Intelligence Databases -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- List of Authorities -- 5 Gang Membership in a Developmental and Life-Course Perspective -- Introduction -- Life-Course Criminology: An Overview -- Gang Membership from a Developmental and Life-Course Perspective -- The Patterning of Gang Membership in the Life Course -- Mitigating Factors and Gang Desistance -- The Consequences of Gang Membership -- Conclusions and Setting a Research Agenda -- References -- 6 Neighborhoods and Street Gangs -- Introduction -- Gangs as Dependent Variables -- Gangs as Independent Variables -- Gangs in Geographic and Social Space -- Future Directions -- References -- 7 Gangs and Social Learning Theory -- Introduction -- The Fundamentals of Social Learning Theory -- Gangs and Other "Learning-Like" Explanations: A Reexamination (and Recasting) of a Classic Youth Gang Study.

Framing Gangs and Gang Behavior in a Learning Context: The Evidence -- Pushing Social Learning Theory: A Methodological and Theoretical Extension -- Speculations on the Future of Social Learning Theory-Driven Gang Studies -- Summary -- References -- 8 Social Psychology of Gangs -- Social Identity and Communication Processes in and Between Groups -- Social Identity and Identification -- Communicating Social Identity -- Social Comparison and Dominance -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 Social Network Analysis and Gangs -- Introduction -- What is Social Network Analysis? -- Gangs as Social Networks -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Gangs, Guns, and Violence -- Definitions of Gang Violence -- Explanations of Gang Violence -- Violence as a Social Process -- Violence Among Gang-Involved Individuals -- Selection, Facilitation, and Enhancement -- Consequences of Gang Violence -- Reducing gang and gun violence -- Recommendations for Future Research -- References -- 11 Gangs and Drugs -- Introduction -- From Delinquency to Gangs -- Gangs and Slinging Drugs -- Gang Members and Drug Use -- Drugs' Street Reputations -- Drugs, Gangs and Mental Health -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 Gender, Sexuality, and Gangs -- Introduction -- Factors that Contribute to Gang Gender Dynamics -- Gendered Processes in Gangs: Four In-Depth Examples -- Conceptualizing Future Directions for the Study of Gender, Sexuality, and Gangs -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 Joining the Gang -- Introduction -- No Gang, No Gang Member -- Theories of Gang Joining -- Gang Contexts -- Toward a Theory of Gang Supply and Demand -- Motivations -- Incentives and the Information Problem -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Leaving the Gang -- Introduction -- Defining Gang Desistance -- Theoretical Perspectives on Leaving the Gang -- Motives, Methods, and Consequences of Leaving the Gang -- Consequences.

Enduring Ties and Barriers in the Desistance Process -- The Impact of Gang Desistance Literature on Policy -- Avenues for Future Research -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Micro-Level Processes of the Gang -- Introduction -- Criminogenic Micro-Level Processes: An Overview -- Intra-Gang Micro-Level Processes -- Inter-Gang Micro-Level Processes -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 Street Gangs, Terrorists, Drug Smugglers, and Organized Crime -- The Development and Growth of Gangs in the United States -- Gangs as Organized Groups or Disorganized Troops? -- Gang Organizational Structural and Criminal Activity -- Terrorists, Organized Crime, Drug Smugglers, and Street Gangs -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 Police Gang Units and Effective Gang Violence Reduction -- Introduction -- Traditional Suppression Approaches and Police Gang Units -- Integrating Community and Problem-Oriented Policing into Gang Unit Operations -- Focused Deterrence Strategies -- Experiences and Evaluation Evidence in Other Jurisdictions -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Gangs in Correctional Institutions -- Introduction -- Prison Gangs: Nature, Extent, and Scope -- Defining Prison Gang Membership -- Gang Membership and Prison Life -- Gangs and Prison Violence -- Prison Gangs in an International Context -- Prison Gangs and Institutional Programming -- Gangs and Reentry -- Future Research -- References -- 19 Legislative Approaches to Addressing Gangs and Gang-Related Crime -- Introduction -- Issues with the Use of Traditional Criminal Laws in Prosecuting Gang Members -- Legislative Responses -- Civil Injunctions -- STEP Legislation -- Constitutional and Practical/Applied Challenges to STEP Legislation -- Gang Congregation Statutes -- Support Strategies for Anti-Gang Legislation -- Policy Issues Surrounding Legislative Responses -- Suggestions for Strengthening the Anti-Gang Legislation.

References -- Cases -- Statutes -- 20 The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program -- Introduction -- G.R.E.A.T. Organizational Structure -- My Introduction to the G.R.E.A.T. Program -- Gang Research in the Early 1990s -- The First G.R.E.A.T. Evaluation (1994-2001) -- The Revised G.R.E.A.T. Program -- Process and Outcome Evaluation of G.R.E.A.T. (2006-2013) -- Conclusion -- Appendix A: Original G.R.E.A.T. Lessons -- Appendix B: Revised G.R.E.A.T. Lessons -- References -- 21 The OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Strategy -- Definition and Evolution -- Replication Sites and Adaptations -- Implementation Challenges -- The Future of the CGM -- References -- 22 The Legacy of Malcolm W. Klein -- Introduction -- The Eurogang Project -- Cohesion and Group Process -- Gang Structures -- Contributions to the Study of Crime Patterns -- Responses to Gangs -- Conclusion -- References -- 23 The Legacy of Irving A. Spergel -- Spergel the Social Worker -- Spergel the Gang Observer -- Spergel's Gang Crime Theory -- Spergel's New Approach to the Street Gang Problem -- Spergel's Three-Level Gang Program -- Spergel's First Gang Program Experiment -- The Comprehensive Gang Program Model -- Spergel's Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project -- Spergel's Legacy -- Comprehensive Gang Program Model Implementation -- Conclusion -- References -- 24 The Legacy of James F. Short, Jr. -- Becoming a Criminologist -- Short and Strodtbeck's Study of Chicago Street Gangs, 1959-1962 -- Short and Strodtbeck, Second Edition (1974) -- Levels of Explanation -- Extending the Legacy -- References -- 25 The Legacy of Walter B. Miller -- Introduction -- The Boston Special Youth Program -- Focal Concerns -- The National Youth Gang Survey -- The Diminished Theoretical Significance of Focal Concerns -- Revisiting the Works and Legacy of Walter Miller -- Discussion.

Appendix A: Walter Miller's Academic Career in Reverse Chronological Order -- References -- 26 Understanding Gangs in Contemporary Latin America -- Introduction -- Gangs in Central America -- Gangs in Brazil -- Gangs in the Rest of Latin America -- Classic Themes Regarding Latin American Gangs -- Emergent Themes Regarding Latin American Gangs -- Conclusion: Toward an Agenda for Future Research -- References -- 27 Understanding European Gangs -- Introduction -- Gangs Outside the United States? -- Crime and Gangs -- Group Characteristics -- US Gang Theory -- Migration and Marginalization in Europe -- Neighborhood, Mobility and Governance in Europe -- Media and Brands -- The Dutch Situation as an Example -- Conclusion -- References -- 28 European Responses to Gangs -- Lost in Translation? European Gang Discourse and Continuing Definitional Issues -- The Extent of Gangs in Europe -- What Are We Talking About When Discussing "Gangs" in Europe? -- European Gang Policy -- The UK Gang Journey: From "No Problem" to "National Priority" -- Conclusion -- References -- 29 Gangs in African, Asian, and Australian Settings -- Africa -- Asia -- Australia -- Conclusions -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- End User License Agreement.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2025. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

Licensed e-book